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Pharmacy is the science and practice of preparing, dispensing, and advising on the use of medications to treat illness. The word comes from the Greek words for medicine or drug, and it is a profession that requires extensive knowledge of the physical and biological sciences. The pharmaceutical industry has developed since the time of ancient Egypt, and modern pharmacy includes more than just dispensing medication. Pharmacy also provides clinical services and reviews medications to ensure they are safe, effective, and affordable. Pharmacy education focuses on the sciences of chemistry, biology, and physics as well as mathematics, statistics, pharmacology, and physiology. The curriculum is intensive, and the pharmacology component alone consists of a minimum of five years of study. During that time, students also learn about pharmacy history and law. The pharmacist is required to be licensed in the country in which he or she practices, and must pass an exam to become licensed. Pharmacists are highly educated professionals who have a wide range of skills and are experts in drug therapy. Their expertise can help prescribers optimize the use of medications and improve outcomes for their patients. They are the primary health care providers for patients with medication-related problems. The pharmacy is a vital part of the healthcare system, and its importance is increasing as people live longer. This trend has led to an increase in the number of prescription and over-the-counter medications being prescribed. Additionally, many people have chronic conditions that require long-term drug treatment. This has increased the need for geriatric and consultant pharmacists, who are specially trained to handle these cases. Many people have questions about their medications, and pharmacists are a valuable source of information. They can explain what each drug does, how it should be taken, and any side effects that might occur. They can also answer general medical questions and refer people to physicians when necessary. In addition, pharmacists can help prevent drug interactions and adverse reactions by reviewing prescriptions before dispensing them and by recommending over-the-counter products that might be safer and less expensive. They can also provide advice on diet and exercise to promote better overall health. In the United Kingdom, there is a national scheme to report suspected side effects of medicines and vaccines to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). There is an online version of this program called Yellow Card, which allows people to register their concerns about the safety of a medicine or a vaccine directly with the MHRA. In some countries, there are dedicated hotlines for reporting medication side effects. People can also call their local pharmacy for information on how to dispose of out-of-date or unwanted medication. Alternatively, people can use a national disposal service that offers free collection of prescription drugs for proper disposal. Many pharmacies offer this service, and some have extended opening hours to accommodate late-night or weekend appointments.

Cancer is a disease that starts when cells in your body start growing and multiplying without control. This can cause them to crowd out healthy cells and stop your body working the way it should. Cancer can affect every part of the body and there are many different types of cancers, which are described by the type of tissue they start in (eg skin cancer, bowel cancer or lung cancer). There are also blood cancers, which start in blood-forming tissues such as bone marrow, lymph nodes or blood vessels. Cancers are often also classified by how quickly they grow and spread. This is called the grade of the tumour. Cancers are usually caused when cells develop mistakes in their DNA-the genetic instructions that tell the cell how to grow and die. The mistake can happen in just one cell, but it can also spread as the cell divides. Over time, these mutations accumulate and the cancer cells start to grow out of control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancers that have spread to other parts of the body are called metastatic cancers. The most common treatment is surgery, but other treatments may also be used. These include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy. Each of these treatments is aimed at killing cancer cells while limiting damage to normal cells. The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend on the type and stage of your cancer, as well as other factors such as your general health and preferences. New ways to treat cancer are being developed all the time. These include drugs that block the blood supply to tumours, correct the genetic changes that lead to cancer and help your immune system fight the cancer cells. Clinical trials offer the opportunity for you to be among the first people to try out these exciting new therapies. Until recently, the rate of cancer in the United States was on a steady downward trend. However, it is still the second leading cause of death in the country. As the understanding of the underlying biological processes that lead to cancer improves, it is likely that we will be able to reduce the number of people who get the disease and the number of people who die from it. Scientists are working hard to prevent cancer and develop more effective treatments. You can help by being aware of the factors that can increase your risk for the disease and by following healthy lifestyle habits. Smoking, a high-fat diet and exposure to toxic chemicals are some of the things that can raise your risk for certain types of cancer. Your genes and your family history can also play a role in some cancers. It is important to talk to your doctors about any concerns you have about your health.

Medicine is a profession that involves the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and palliation of illness. It is one of the world’s oldest and most complex sciences, yet it is often poorly understood by the general public. Medical practitioners must be knowledgeable in many diverse fields in order to provide comprehensive care to their patients. Those fields include the basic sciences (e.g. anatomy, physiology, biochemistry) as well as the social sciences (e.g. epidemiology, history of medicine, pharmacology). The discipline of nutrition science (or dietetics) is the study of the relationship between food and health, including disease and wellness. The field of medical anthropology is concerned with the study of human culture and society as they pertain to medicine, health and wellness. During prehistoric times, medicine was considered an art as well as a science. It was practiced using natural remedies – such as herbs, animal parts and minerals, or by religious practices like animism (the notion that inanimate objects have spirits), spiritualism (an appeal to God or communion with ancestor spirits), or shamanism (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers). Modern scientific biomedical research gradually began to replace prehistoric traditions after the invention of the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 18th century, Edward Jenner’s discoveries around 1900 about the transmission of diseases through bacteria and Robert Koch’s discovery of viruses in the early 20th century. However, traditional folk medicine has continued to exist, and a number of traditional practitioners also perform medical tests and treat diseases. A physician’s work is conducted within the context of health care systems, which are governed by legal, credentialing and financing frameworks established by governments and/or international organizations. When a patient presents with a clinical problem, a doctor must gather relevant information including the patient’s history, symptoms and physical findings as well as any lab or imaging results and specialist consultations. The physician then makes a decision about the most likely cause or causes of the patient’s problem. The decision may be changed when new information becomes available, such as results from additional testing or a change in the patient’s condition. This is called the “diagnostic process”. The final diagnosis is recorded in the patient’s medical records. The patient is then treated with medicines or other therapies. Depending on the patient’s situation, additional procedures and follow-up treatments may be needed. An article about a particular sign or symptom should try to adhere to the recommended structure below, although it may be necessary to omit or merge sections that seem redundant or excessively repetitive. Please refer to Wikipedia:Manual of Style for guidance on writing articles in this wiki. Also, it is helpful to include etymologies for anatomical features, especially those with Latin or Latinized Greek names. This helps interwiki users and researchers working with older scientific literature.

Health is an aspect of human well-being that encompasses physical, mental and social aspects. It is a dynamic process of living and it depends on the ability of individuals to live and cope with the changing environment. It is one of the fundamental rights of every person and is essential for development, peace and security in the world. There are many definitions of Health, but the most commonly used is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” The emergence of this concept of health reflected a shift from a focus on illness to the concept that good health is more than mere survival; it is the ability to enjoy life to its fullest and to participate in society with a sense of dignity. It is difficult to determine what constitutes good health. The physically fit and seemingly healthy individual may be found to have an underlying heart condition when an examination is undertaken by a physician. A sudden and severe asthma attack can cause death in a very short period of time, despite the fact that the person has been taking his or her medications regularly. It is also important to consider how health interacts with the physical and social environments in which people live. A healthy diet and exercise are important components to a person’s overall health. But, it is just as important to consider how clean water and air, adequate housing and safe communities contribute to the health of a population. The definition of health has changed radically since the founding of the WHO in 1948. At that time, life expectancies were very low and diseases such as polio and diphtheria were rampant. Reducing infant and childhood mortality became the foremost health policy concern. Today, with the advent of vaccines against a number of serious infectious diseases and the ongoing improvement in medical technology and procedures, chronic diseases have moved from the forefront to become the main killers. In addition, the concept of health has evolved to incorporate new insights into the determinants of health. For example, studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between the conditions in which people are born, grow, work and age (i.e. the social determinants of health) and their subsequent health outcomes. The physical and social environments, lifestyle choices, personal abilities, behaviours and genetics all influence health. The goal of this article is to stimulate discussion about the complexities involved in the concept of Health and to provide a framework for future research on the subject. This is especially relevant in the context of the 90th anniversary of the Zagreb Andrija Stampar School of Public Health. The School remains committed to developing the understanding of health in our present society and will continue to do so with the support of its alumni and friends around the world. Thank you for your continued interest.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines. It is a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. In ancient times in Greece and Rome, the art of healing separated the duties of the herbalist, who supplied the physician with herbs, from those of the pharmacist, who prepared the medicines. In the 16th century in Europe, the separation of these roles was further strengthened by a law enacted by the city council of Bruges forbidding physicians to prepare their own medicines. Benjamin Franklin is often credited with furthering the separation of these two professions in America when he appointed an apothecary to his Philadelphia hospital. Today, pharmacies continue to play a vital role in healthcare. They provide advice to both patients and medical staff, and promote drug adherence. This is particularly important in areas like high blood pressure management, where pharmacists can help patients understand their condition and encourage them to take their medication as prescribed. In addition, pharmacy technicians work to ensure that prescriptions are properly filled and that patients have the correct dosages. Pharmacists also contribute to healthcare innovation by conducting research to improve the effectiveness and safety of medications. Their work includes testing the effectiveness of new drugs and evaluating the impact of existing ones. It also involves the cultivation of medicinal plants, the synthesis of chemical compounds with therapeutic value and the analysis of existing medicines. A growing field of pharmacy is pharmacogenomics, which aims to determine how genetic variations can influence the body’s response to drugs. This may allow pharmacists to select the most appropriate medicine for a patient and potentially prevent or treat diseases earlier than currently possible. The first steps in a career as a pharmacist are earning an undergraduate degree and then getting licensed by your state’s pharmacy board. A bachelor’s in pharmacy usually takes four years of study and combines general education with science courses, like chemistry, biology, math, and physics. Some colleges also offer graduate programs leading to a master’s or doctoral degree in pharmacy, pharmacology, or a related subject. The next step is obtaining the necessary business insurance. Most states require pharmacists to have liability insurance before they can open their doors, and some even mandate specific coverage amounts. If you are unsure of what insurance options are available to you, contact your local small business association or visit the Small Business Administration’s reference to local business resources. In addition, you will need to meet any other licensing or permit requirements in your area, and this will vary by state. You may also want to consider purchasing business interruption insurance. This type of policy pays your costs if your pharmacy must close due to an unforeseen event, such as a fire or flood. This type of policy is an excellent investment in the financial security of your pharmacy.

Cancer is a disease that begins in the cells of your body. Cells are the basic building blocks of your body, and they make new cells as your old ones die. When something goes wrong in this process, your cells continue to grow out of control and crowd out normal cells. The resulting mass is called a tumor. Some types of cancer grow and spread fast, while others grow more slowly or do not grow at all. Cancers are also different in how they respond to treatment. About 39.5 percent of men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with cancer at some time in their lives. Cancer can cause pain, swelling, and changes in your appearance and behavior. Cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and/or other medicines. Usually, 2 or more treatments are needed to get rid of the cancer completely. Scientists are working hard to improve cancer care and find ways to prevent it. Research into personalized medicine and gene therapy holds great promise for the future. Some people with cancer choose to participate in clinical trials to try promising new treatments that may help them live longer and feel better. The causes of cancer are not yet known. But scientists do know that things like cigarette smoke, UV light from the sun, and certain viruses can increase your risk for developing cancer. And we know that some genes can change over time and lead to faulty instructions for cellular growth. These faulty instructions, called mutations, can make cells grow and divide without control. Some of these mutations are passed down from parents to their children, and some happen randomly in the course of life. For more than 20 years, scientists have studied how cancer develops. They started by finding that some cells that grow and spread abnormally are called precancerous cells. They then looked for factors, such as chemicals or radiation, that could cause these precancerous cells to multiply and develop into cancer cells. They found that some types of cancer develop when genetic mutations occur in cells that are dividing to create new tissue for the body. They also discovered that some types of cancer spread from the part of the body where they first started to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain. These findings gave scientists a better picture of how cancer develops. They found that cancer does not develop all at once, but over a long period of time as an accumulation of many molecular changes. Each of these changes enables precancerous cells to acquire some of the characteristics that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Some cancers begin in blood vessels or nerve cells. These cells can then travel through the bloodstream to other areas of the body and form new cancerous cells there. Cancer that has spread to distant sites in the body is called metastatic cancer.

Medical is the branch of knowledge that deals with human health and disease. It encompasses many disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, medical genetics, microbiology, embryology, cytology, obstetrics and gynaecology, endocrinology, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, statistics and philosophy. In addition, there are a number of interdisciplinary fields such as epidemiology, environmental medicine and medical anthropology. Medical practitioners are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of diseases and injuries. This involves a thorough history and physical examination of the patient, taking into account both their immediate symptoms and related factors such as family health, lifestyle and environment. The physician then draws up a treatment plan which may include medications, diet, exercise or surgery. The patient is then seen for follow up to assess whether the treatment is working and to make any necessary adjustments. Physicians also need to be able to recognise when they are not able to solve a patient’s problem, and refer them to a specialist. This is called the “Golden Rule” and is a fundamental principle of medical ethics. There are several different types of articles in medical journals, ranging from commentary to perspective. A commentary is the subjective thoughts and opinions of an author, whereas a perspective takes a stance on an issue in the field of medicine. Both are usually found in the opinion pages of medical journals, but a commentary is more likely to be an op-ed piece. The earliest forms of medicine were based on spiritual beliefs and natural remedies. These included the use of plants (herbalism), animal parts and minerals. In prehistoric times these were combined with prayer, spiritualism and shamanism. Some of these practices are still practised, particularly by traditional healers. Modern medical knowledge is constantly being expanded. A recent development is the application of information technology to medical research and practice. This has allowed scientists to collect and analyse large amounts of data, and has resulted in the development of new medical treatments. The basic sciences of medicine are biology, chemistry and physics, which underpin much of medical science. Other important disciplines are nutrition, which studies how food affects the body; pharmacology, which is the study of drugs; and pathology, which investigates disease by analysing samples of blood, urine or tissue. There are also a number of interdisciplinary fields such a medical genetics, where a combination of biological and chemical sciences is used; and medical anthropology, which examines the way in which culture influences illness.

The concept of Health has a wide range of definitions.[1] This is evident in the variety of ways it is perceived by people in their actual situations. This is referred to as ‘conceptualization’ (localizing and shaping a phenomenon’s identity, content and meaning). For example, in togel hari ini an attempt to make sense of their experience, some individuals would define health as a feeling of wellbeing. For others, it might mean the ability to function. Alternatively, for some people, the presence of an illness would be considered a health problem. Other individuals might consider an individual’s mental and social well-being as a measure of Health. Still others might be more interested in specific diseases or risk factors. In any case, a clear definition of Health is important for promoting health. It should be noted that different approaches for defining Health have a direct impact on how health is promoted and if and when efforts are made to improve it. For instance, a definition of Health that is equated to the absence of disease might lead to a focus on eliminating diseases or diminishing their numbers. This approach might also lead to a focus on the physical body and its functionality, which could be seen as a necessary condition for health. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined Health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition is considered revolutionary in that it moved the focus from focusing on managing disease to a focus on achieving optimum health. Today, seventy years later, the WHO definition still makes sense. However, with the increasing number of people over age 65 in developed and developing countries, and transformations in disease definition and management, a focus on disease-free life is no longer the most relevant health goal. For this reason, the definition of Health needs to be updated to reflect our current knowledge. This is why it is essential for researchers and policymakers to continually review and discuss this issue. Getting started Writing articles that cover the topic of Health can be intimidating, especially for a writer who is new to this genre. A few tips to help get you started include: Choosing your keywords Using the right words in your healthcare content can be key to ranking higher in search engines. There are many tools available online that can help you research what keywords to target, so take advantage of them! Outlining Creating an outline can help you stay on track when writing. It will help you to think through your main points and keep your audience in mind as you develop the article. Whether you are writing an article about the latest breakthrough in healthcare technology or a piece of advice for patients, it is always helpful to have an outline to guide your work. This will ensure that you cover all of the important points and provide readers with valuable information.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of preparing, dispensing, reviewing, and monitoring medications to ensure their safe and effective use. It is a diverse field that integrates health sciences with the natural and social sciences, and is often seen as the bridge between medicine and chemistry. It is also a professional career, with many opportunities for advancement. Pharmacists must be highly educated in both the biological and physical sciences, as well as have a strong background in math and statistics. They are the experts in assessing and understanding drug action, interactions, and side effects. In addition to being healthcare professionals, they must be able to communicate with patients in an accurate and understandable manner. In addition to processing prescriptions and preparing over-the-counter medication, pharmacists are involved in research, drug development, clinical trials, and patient education. They work closely with physicians to assure that the medication prescribed is appropriate for the patient based on health conditions and other medications. They are also responsible for maintaining inventory and ensuring that the proper drug dosages are dispensed to each patient. They are also trained in the latest technology for assisting customers, locating over-the-counter medication, and answering general questions. The pharmacy is a vital part of the healthcare system, and its services are necessary for every individual who needs medical treatment. A person who wishes to pursue a career as a pharmacist can obtain the necessary training through a pharmacy degree program. These programs typically last for four years and include both undergraduate and graduate coursework in areas such as chemistry, biology, and humanities. After completing the degree, a person must obtain a license to practice in their state. This requires passing the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination, as well as a multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam. The pharmacy is a busy and demanding environment, but it can be an extremely rewarding career. It is a great option for people who are interested in helping others live healthier lives. In addition to filling prescriptions, pharmacies offer a wide variety of other services, including waste disposal, vaccinations, and flu shots. Moreover, online pharmacies provide a convenient way to get your medicines without having to brave the cold or fight the crowds. Just make sure you choose a trustworthy site. And remember to always take your medicines as prescribed! It’s the only way to get the most benefit out of them. Lastly, don’t forget to dispose of any unused or expired drugs properly so that they don’t fall into the wrong hands. This is the best way to keep yourself and your family healthy.

Cancer is a disease that develops when a person’s cells lose their ability to control growth and division. These out-of-control cells can form mass tissue growths called tumors, or they may spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Cancer is a complex disease with many different causes. There are more than 100 types of cancer, depending on the type of cell where it starts and the tissues it affects. Cancers are named for the part of the body where they begin, such as breast cancer and lung cancer. There are also cancers that start in the blood and other types that grow from skin cells. Cells usually grow and divide to replace older cells that have died or become damaged, a process called normal cell turnover. But cancer cells ignore these signals and continue growing out of control, crowding out normal cells and forming abnormal tumors. Some cancers even break away from their original location and travel to other parts of the body, where they can continue growing and spread to new sites. This is known as metastasis. Scientists are working hard to understand what causes cancer. For now, they know that genetic mutations play a role in about 5 percent to 10 percent of all cancers. People who inherit these mutations are at higher risk of developing the disease, but lifestyle and environmental factors also contribute to its development. Most cancers are not preventable, but there are steps that you can take to lower your chances of getting them. For example, regular screening tests can detect some cancers in their early stages, when they are much easier to treat. And a healthy diet can help protect against some cancers by providing the nutrients you need to keep your cells healthy. The good news is that there are now more effective treatments for most cancers than ever before. These include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. These treatments remove or destroy cancerous cells, stop them from spreading, and/or slow their growth. In addition, some cancers can be prevented by avoiding habits that increase your risk of them, such as smoking and excessive sun exposure. Some cancers are easy to spot and treat at an early stage, but other cancers aren’t. For instance, ovarian cancer is often not diagnosed until it has already spread to other organs. For this reason, it’s important to talk to your doctor about your family history and personal risk factors for cancer and to discuss routine screening tests with him or her. You can also help prevent cancer by eating a healthy diet, getting plenty of physical activity and staying at a healthy weight. Choose foods that are low in fat and added sugars, and include lots of vegetables and fruits. Limit processed meats, such as hot dogs and bacon, and eat lean proteins, such as poultry, fish and nuts. Get at least 30 minutes of aerobic exercise most days of the week.