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Cancer is a disease that starts in cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of our bodies and make up tissues and organs. Cancer forms when cells grow out of control and spread into surrounding tissue. This process is called metastasis. Cancer can affect almost any part of the body. There are more than 100 types of cancer and each type has its own set of signs and symptoms. All cancers start when some cells become abnormal and start growing out of control. Most cancers start in the skin or in blood vessels but can form in any cell in the body. Some cancers are more likely to form in specific parts of the body, like the lungs or bowel. The five most common cancers are lung, breast, prostate, bladder and colorectal. There are many reasons why normal cells may change and develop into cancer. Some of these changes are caused by things we can avoid, such as smoking or overexposure to sunlight. Other causes are related to things we can’t avoid, such as the viruses that cause hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human papillomavirus infection, or by certain chemicals or environmental toxins. Most cancers start when abnormal cells start to grow and divide without stopping or dying as they should. These abnormal cells can also spread into nearby tissues and damage or destroy them. As the cancer continues to grow, it may form a lump or tumour. Cancer cells can also move to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system. This process is called metastasis. The immune system is a group of cells and organs that work together to protect the body against infections and diseases. It’s made up of a network of cells and organs including the spleen, thymus, tonsils and lymph nodes in the neck. The lymphatic system consists of the ducts that run from the lymph nodes to the bloodstream and the blood vessels that carry fluid in between the tissues. A person’s chances of developing cancer are partly down to their genes and family history. But there are many other things that can increase the chance of developing cancer, such as smoking and a diet low in fruits and vegetables, being overweight or not enough physical activity, drinking alcohol, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or tanning beds. About 4 in 10 cancers are caused by preventable factors. Some cancers, such as leukaemia and some lymphoma, begin in blood cells and don’t form solid tumours. But most cancers start in cells that line blood vessels, muscles and other tissue throughout the body. Some cancers also form in the bone marrow, the soft spongy area inside most bones. These types of cancers are called non-solid tumours or hematologic cancers.

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Medical is the study or practice of health care, including disease prevention and treatment. There are many branches of medicine, some focused on specific organ systems or diseases, others addressing general well-being. Most of the fields are multidisciplinary, with some overlapping between specialties. The term “medical” can also refer to the body of knowledge that physicians acquire during their education and training, which is typically structured through a doctorate in medicine or medical science, abbreviated MD or MS (in the United States) or Doctor of Osteopathy (DO, unique to the United States). Medical professionals must know a great deal about biology and chemistry in order to diagnose and treat patients effectively. Other essential components of medical knowledge include physics, mathematics and statistics. Many terms have roots in Latin or ancient Greek, and are derived from words that mean “to heal.” In addition to the scientific terminology that healthcare professionals must learn, there is also a vocabulary of common medical terms that has become part of our everyday language. A good place to start learning these terms is a medical dictionary. During a medical encounter, a physician meets with a patient to assess their symptoms and history and to recommend treatment options. This visit is documented in the medical record. Generally, the patient’s presenting complaint is noted as the chief complaint or CC. Other information recorded includes the patient’s past medical history (PMH) and family history. A number of key developments have occurred in the development of medical thinking throughout the ages. For example, a significant shift took place in the 14th and 15th centuries as scientists like Galen and Vesalius improved upon or rejected many of the theories that had been passed down from the previous generation of medical practitioners. The medical field also incorporates many ethical concepts, such as respect for persons – the principle that patients and their families have the right to be treated with dignity. This is also reflected in the concept of informed consent, which ensures that a patient understands the nature of a proposed course of action and has the opportunity to ask questions before agreeing to it. Most medical specialties fit into one of two broad categories: internal medicine and surgery. The majority of subspecialties within internal medicine require a preliminary degree in medicine, and in the United Kingdom, this is demonstrated by a Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP). The specialty of neurology addresses disorders of the nervous system, while obstetrics and gynecology are concerned with childbirth and the female reproductive and associated organs. Pharmaceutical medicine is the field of medical science that deals with the discovery, research, development, evaluation, registration and monitoring of medicines. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, or physiatry, is aimed at improving function after injury or illness. Addiction medicine focuses on addiction and psychotherapy. Aerospace medicine is a branch of medical sciences pertaining to aircraft and space flight. Other less traditional or newer branches of medicine include clinical pharmacology and forensic medicine.

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Health is the state of being physically, mentally, emotionally and socially well. It is also a process of becoming more resilient to cope with life’s challenges. Health is a complex concept that includes many different factors that are influenced by the interactions of genetics, lifestyle choices, and the environment. For centuries, people have viewed health in various ways depending on their culture and beliefs. For example, in ancient Greece, the idea of health was connected to a balance between body and soul and the harmony of the universe. Later, Hippocrates explained health as a product of lifestyle and environmental factors. This view was largely reinforced by the development of modern medicine and science. In the 20th century, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition has shaped the way we think about health today. It emphasizes the importance of promoting and protecting people’s health in order to achieve their full potential. Achieving and maintaining good health involves making choices that influence how our genes, bodies, emotions, and social and work environments interact with each other to affect our overall wellbeing. Some of these choices are under people’s control, such as their diet and exercise habits. Others are not, such as genetic disorders. Some are a result of the social and economic conditions in which people live. These are known as health determinants. People’s health is impacted by their daily routines, including the types of jobs they do and how much time they spend on leisure activities. For example, sedentary jobs such as office work can lead to obesity and back pain. Other work-related issues include a lack of sleep, stress and overwork. In the future, health will be increasingly understood in terms of a person’s resilience to coping with change and adversity. This is reflected in the fact that the word health comes from the old English haelth, meaning ‘wholeness’. It is therefore important to consider all aspects of health when attempting to define it. This will help us move away from the simplistic and reductionist approach to health that has been so prevalent in the past. The WHO definition of health is a significant step in this direction.

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Pharmacy is a profession that deals with the preparation and dispensing of medications. It also specializes in the right way to use, store, and preserve medicine as well as letting patients know about side effects and other health care issues. Pharmacy professionals work in a variety of settings, including drugstores, medical clinics, hospitals, and universities. Some even do research and testing for new medicines. There are many ways to become a pharmacist, including earning a doctorate degree in pharmacy (PharmD). Most programs include a clinical year that provides students with a wealth of experience and skills that can be applied to a wide range of patient-care scenarios. There are also residency programs that allow students to gain years of clinical expertise in a short period of time. The majority of pharmacy professionals work in the pharmaceutical industry but some also find employment with government agencies, hospitals, and other private healthcare organizations. Many countries have laws that regulate the practice of pharmacy. In some cases, pharmacists must obtain a license to practice. The laws may vary by country but there are some common requirements. For example, pharmacies must be licensed to dispense prescription drugs and sell over-the-counter medicines. In addition, they must maintain a clean environment and follow strict storage requirements. Pharmacists are qualified to perform simple health care procedures, including taking a patient’s blood pressure and temperature. They can also diagnose everyday ailments, such as colds, the flu, aches and pains, and rashes. They can then recommend the correct treatment or advise a patient to see a doctor. In some cases, a pharmacist can provide a patient with a free sample of medicine. Pharmacy is considered a knowledge-based profession and has the reputation of being one of the most trustworthy and reliable sources for health advice. However, the challenge is how to translate formal professional knowledge into practice and use it to benefit patients. This can be done by applying the theory of knowledge production as developed in the book “Re-thinking Science.” It is also important to remember that pharmacy is not just about medicine. It is also about the social context in which the information is conveyed and the practical strategies used to promote compliance. For example, formal knowledge of respiratory disease is of little value if a patient does not know how to properly use her inhaler. The proposed model for pharmacy is a starting point to increase the clarity of definition and consistency in terminology that describe the pharmacy sector, regardless of country context. The idea is that it can serve as a platform for future discussion and debate on the pharmacy sector. It could also be a basis for multicountry comparisons of policy interventions. In the case of the pharmacy sector, there is an urgent need for a framework that defines the different dimensions of the industry. This would enable the development of consistent policy-making that is informed by a better understanding of what pharmacy is and how it functions.

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Cancer is a group of diseases that starts when cells grow out of control and form a mass (tumour). There are many different types of cancer, but they all start in cells. Normal cells need to grow and make copies of themselves in a controlled way so they can develop into different tissues and organs. But sometimes a change happens (mutation) in the genes that tell cells how to grow and copy themselves. This can cause cells to go haywire and start growing and making more cancer cells or to spread to other parts of the body. It takes about six mutations to turn a normal cell into a cancer cell. Mutations can happen because of things that happen inside your body, such as exposure to radiation or chemicals in tobacco smoke. They can also be caused by things from outside the body, such as viruses or pollution. Mutations can also be inherited, which means you have a fault in one or more of your genes and are more likely to get a particular type of cancer. When a cancer is diagnosed, doctors can use tests to check if you have the right mix of cells to be cancerous and to see how quickly the cancer is growing. They can then recommend treatment to control the cancer or treat any symptoms that are causing them. Some cancers are more common than others, but many cancers are preventable. The biggest preventable causes are things you can control, such as not smoking or drinking too much alcohol and eating a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables. You can also protect yourself from some cancers by getting vaccinated. For example, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine helps prevent cervical and other genital cancers and the Hepatitis B vaccine can help reduce your risk of liver cancer. The first signs of cancer can be anything from a painless lump in your breast to a persistent cough or a sore that won’t heal. If you notice any of these, make an appointment with your doctor. Tell your doctor how long you have had the symptom and how often it has happened. They will ask you questions about your general health and may do some tests to figure out what is causing it, such as blood tests or an ultrasound scan. They may also refer you to a specialist or take a biopsy.

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Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells grow and divide without control or order, eventually crowding out and overrunning normal tissue and spreading to other parts of the body. If not treated, cancer can lead to organ failure or death. The disease is the result of mutations (changes) in genes that normally provide instructions for how cells grow and die, repair themselves, differentiate into different types of cells, or take on specific functions such as becoming a nerve cell or a muscle cell. Mutations can be inherited or acquired — they may occur spontaneously or as a consequence of lifestyle factors such as smoking and sun exposure, or from environmental hazards such as asbestos or industrial chemicals. Many people with cancer have no symptoms at all, and they are diagnosed only when doctors perform tests for another health issue or problem. Those who do have symptoms often report them to a doctor after noticing an unusual change in their appearance, weight or behavior. Regardless of how they are found, most cancers start in one part of the body, called a tumor. Then, the cancerous cells can grow and spread to other areas of the body through the bloodstream or lymph nodes, which are clusters of immune cells located throughout the body. In most cases, cancer is a chronic disease that a person will live with for a long time. But early detection and aggressive therapy can prevent the cancer from spreading or worsening and may even cure the cancer. Some cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations, and these types of cancers can’t be prevented. But many cancers are caused by lifestyle choices and other external factors, which can be avoided or reduced. When it comes to prevention, the best thing you can do is avoid things that are known to increase your cancer risk, such as excessive sun exposure and a diet that is high in fat, sugar, red meat and processed foods. You can also reduce your risk by eating a balanced diet and taking a standard multivitamin daily. Scientists have learned a lot about how cancer develops and how it responds to treatment. The basic explanation is that natural selection applies to cancer just as it does to any other biological organism — the more mutations a cancer cell has, the more likely it is to survive and proliferate. In addition, a cancerous tumor can be influenced by its microenvironment and by ecological parameters such as the availability of nutrients, oxidants and space. This influences the phenotypic characteristics of cancer cells and can favor those that resist apoptosis or evade the immune system. As the cancer continues to evolve and adapt, it shifts between levels of selection — for instance, in its microenvironment it can develop adaptations that allow it to better uptake resources, co-opt normal cells such as fibroblasts, evade the immune system or produce public goods such as angiogenesis and aspects of the extracellular matrix, allowing it to grow and spread.

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Medical is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing their diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, palliation and prevention of illness. This is accomplished by the diagnosis and management of a wide range of disorders, including acute and chronic illnesses and injuries. The work of doctors in this field is governed by ethical and legal codes and standards of practice which vary across countries. Medical care is provided by physicians, surgeons, nurses, allied health professionals and dentists. Medicine is an academic discipline that encompasses a broad range of subfields, including anatomy, biochemistry, biomechanics, biology, physiology, pharmacology, physics, statistics, and social sciences. It is the application of knowledge obtained through research to improve human health and wellbeing. Traditionally, medicine has been viewed as a profession distinct from other occupations, and this perception has led to a number of regulatory agencies being established to oversee the education, training and professional standards of medical practitioners. In many developed nations, doctors are required to be licensed or registered in order to practise medicine. This restricts the practice of medicine to those qualified by university study and national examination, as well as being a safeguard against charlatans who may not have proper medical qualifications. Modern medicine is a complex and diverse field, with advances in genetics, molecular biology and evolutionary theory all having significant influence on medical practice and technology. The discipline also draws heavily from other disciplines such as philosophy, sociology and history in its understanding of illness and disease. The practice of medicine involves the use of both medication and surgical procedures. Medications are used to treat symptoms and prevent complications from developing, while surgery is often necessary for the diagnosis of some diseases, conditions and injuries. In addition, medical practitioners must be familiar with a variety of tools and instruments in order to carry out their duties. In addition to the traditional responsibilities of medical professionals, many have become involved in fields such as conservation medicine, disaster medicine and diving medicine. Medical geology is the study of the interaction between humans and the environment, while forensic medicine examines evidence such as the time and cause of death, the type of weapon that caused the injury or wound, and facial reconstruction using remains from the deceased (for identification). The discipline also includes the anthropology of medicine, which looks at the medical aspects of different cultures.

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Health is an important aspect of the human condition. It involves a person’s physical, mental, emotional, and social ability to cope with their environment. It is also about how people are able to realize their aspirations and satisfy their needs, as well as to adapt to changes in the environment. The concept of health is complex and contested, reflecting the fact that humans live in a constantly changing world with many different possibilities for disease and injury. The complexity of the concept is reflected in the variety of definitions. Some definitions are more focused on a negative understanding of health as the absence of disease, while others emphasize an individual’s ability to self-manage and overcome adversity, often referring to a person’s resilience. In 1948, the World Health Organization defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition of health has helped to shape our current understanding of health. It has also led to new developments in our ability to understand and control the causes of illness. A critical understanding of the concept of health is essential to writing an effective health article. This is because health articles are generally written for a specific audience, which may include patients, doctors, nurses, scientists, researchers, or other healthcare professionals. The audience’s interests and goals for reading the article will influence what information is provided and how it is presented. The first step in writing a health article is to research the topic. This can be done through published studies, news reports, conversations with colleagues in the field, or even by following trends on social media. Identifying a trend can help you to create an interesting angle for your article. Once you have a general idea of what you want to write about, you should start by creating a rough draft. This draft should not be edited for spelling and grammar, but rather for the purpose of putting ideas on paper. This is a time to try out different angles, and it’s okay if some of them don’t work. After the rough draft is finished, it’s a good idea to read some of your favorite health articles for inspiration. Look for things that your article could compare or contrast with, and try to find ways in which you can make the comparisons and contrasts clear to your audience. Finally, once you’ve done all of this, it’s time to begin the actual writing process. The final step is to publish your health article. This can be done by uploading it to an online journal, or sending it to a medical or scientific publication for review. If the article is accepted, you should then consider submitting it to other publications. Be sure to consider the audience of each publication when deciding which one to send it to. Some publications will only be interested in the facts behind a discovery, while others may be more concerned about the story itself.

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Pharmacy is a profession that focuses on the right way to use, store, and deliver medicine. Pharmacists fill prescriptions issued by physicians and work at medical clinics, hospitals, universities, and government institutions. Historically, pharmacists have also been the health professionals who can best explain and clarify the proper usage of medication. The scope of modern pharmacy has evolved from more traditional duties such as compounding and dispensing medication to more clinical services related to drug therapy. Today, pharmacists have a vital role in the healthcare industry and are often the primary health professional to provide patients with information on their medications. This knowledge is essential for ensuring that patients are taking their medication properly and safely, as well as knowing any possible side effects that they may experience. In ancient times, the apothecary was considered one of the most important members of a health care team, providing doctors with herbs and other raw materials from which to make their medicines. However, by the middle of the 14th century, European apothecaries began to separate their duties from those of the physician. This shift was largely due to the influence of Islam, which encouraged separate roles and the separation of professions in many European countries. In America, Benjamin Franklin was instrumental in establishing the profession of pharmacy by creating the first hospital apothecary and separating the responsibilities of the pharmacist from those of the physician. While the apothecary symbol remains popular worldwide, a mortar and pestle is no longer required to do the job. In fact, most pharmacies now use electronic prescriptions, centralized pharmacy automation for dispensing, and nationwide pharmacy monitoring programs to improve efficiency. These digital innovations help pharmacists spend more time with patients and focus on their patient-centered duties. For those looking to enter the field of pharmacy, it is important to get paid or volunteer experience to gain the necessary hard and soft skills that are needed for the job. It is also important to be passionate about helping people, as this is a large part of what pharmacists do. When applying to pharmacy school, applicants should be able to demonstrate their commitment to healthcare by showing a strong interest in the field and a solid background in the sciences. This can be done by obtaining paid work experience at local pharmacies, volunteering with community organizations, or shadowing doctors and pharmacists to learn more about the profession. Whether you are a patient or just interested in learning more about pharmacy, this blog is here to help you! Please feel free to leave a comment or contact us for further assistance. We look forward to hearing from you! UT Austin College of Pharmacy | 2020 U.S. Pharmacy Study

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