Medical is the study of the health of people and animals. It includes the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases and injuries. Medical doctors are called physicians and they have an extremely important job, as they can save lives and ease the suffering of patients. A physician’s qualifications vary around the world, but typically include medical school and supervised training. Physicians are regulated by medical boards in most countries to ensure that they have the proper education and skills to practice medicine safely. A physician must be trained in modern scientific biomedical research methods. This replaced the early Western traditions based on herbalism, the Greek “four humours” and other pre-modern notions. The modern era of medicine really began with Edward Jenner’s creation of the smallpox vaccine in 1761 and Robert Koch’s discovery of bacteria and antibiotics in the 1880’s. Medical is a very broad field and encompasses many different areas of science. Examples of these are pharmacology (the study of medicines) and microbiology (the study of viruses, bacteria and other microscopic organisms). Medical physics studies the application of physics principles in medicine. Other important fields of study are genetics and neuroscience. A medical journal is a periodical publication that may be written for a variety of purposes. It can publish new clinical or non-clinical knowledge, consolidate and review existing knowledge, provide opinion and commentary, or report on the logistics or economics of providing care. The most common type of article in a medical journal is the case report or vignette. These articles present a detailed description of an observed medical event or patient encounter. They are often written in a narrative style and can be moving. Other articles in a medical journal can be technical reports, summaries of research or review papers, or images such as CT scans, ultrasounds, or MRI’s. Some journals also have departments that feature personal essays or artwork describing the human elements of medicine. To understand these articles, it is helpful to know some medical terminology. The structure of medical terms follows the same rules as all other languages, with root words and suffixes. To help you memorize these, consider making flash cards of word parts, such as -itis (abnormal inflammation), relapse (a return of symptoms) and a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). A medical dictionary can be very useful in learning this vocabulary.
Read MoreHealth is a multidimensional concept and it can be difficult to pin down. It may be seen as a combination of an individual’s experiences, perceptions and capabilities (the capacity to participate in society), physical or mental well-being and social functioning. It is also defined as the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. Various definitions of health have been proposed by scholars and organizations. Each definition has a different focus and approach. Some definitions emphasize an experiential element of health and others stress the capacity that health provides to participate in society or economy. There is a growing recognition that the experience of health and the capacity to participate are not separate from the environment in which we live, work and play. This is reflected in the term ‘health in context’, which emphasizes that health is not just a state of being but also a process. The different perspectives on Health are influenced by many factors that influence the health of an individual or community, including general socioeconomic conditions; the environment in which people grow, live and work; cultural beliefs and values; and personal and lifestyle choices (Department of Health 2021). These are known as the ‘health determinants’. Health determinants may be risk factors or protective factors, and they vary by population groups. To write a health feature, first think about who your audience will be and what their needs are. This can help you focus your article. For example, you might write an article to inform a group of parents or a newspaper readership, or you might target a specialist audience such as medical doctors. Once you have decided on a topic, research your subject carefully. You can start by looking at published studies and articles, news stories, blog posts and scientific conferences. You can also sign up for email alerts from journals that cover your area of interest. You can find a wide range of medical news, opinion pieces and academic research on any subject in the library or online. Finally, you can ask experts in your field for advice. They can point you to the best sources and give you an idea of what to look for in a new study or finding out about new treatments. When writing a health feature, it is important to keep in mind that the article shouldn’t contain your own opinion on the topic. It is tempting to include your opinions in a health feature, but this will confuse the reader. Unless you are an experienced health writer, it is best to have someone else read your piece and provide feedback. It’s also important to read your piece out loud to make sure it flows and that there are no grammatical errors or structural problems. It’s helpful to have several pairs of eyes on your work, so send it out to friends and family members who are willing to give you honest feedback. You can also use tools such as Grammarly or Hemingway to check your writing for grammatical errors and other issues.
Read MorePharmacy is a science that links health sciences with pharmaceutical and chemical sciences. It aims to optimize drug therapy so as to ensure positive health outcomes. It also focuses on improving access to medications and reducing medication error. This is done through drug distribution, education, clinical services and research. Pharmacists are trained to provide expert advice on drugs and medicines to help patients and doctors make informed decisions regarding treatment. They can answer questions about prescription and over-the-counter medicines, as well as give advice on diet and exercise to improve health outcomes. They can also help you get rid of unused or unwanted medications so they don’t fall into the wrong hands. The pharmacy is a complex and dynamic profession that has evolved significantly over time. There are many different types of pharmacists, and their responsibilities differ depending on the setting in which they work. These include the clinical pharmacist, who works in hospital settings to support patient care, as well as the industrial pharmacist, who is involved in the research, production and marketing of pharmaceutical goods. In the past, pharmacists mainly compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. However, since the development of new and effective drug substances, the scope for extemporaneous preparation of medicines has diminished considerably. However, preparing medicaments by hand is still important in certain cases. In some countries, this is known as “apothecary” practice. Apothecaries use mortars and pestles, or caduceuses (show globes), to prepare medications and sometimes use green coloured Greek letters (Rx) or a bowl of Hygieia symbols as their emblems. Today, there is a vast selection of both prescription and over-the-counter medications available to treat almost every condition. As a result, it can be difficult to decide which medicine will best suit your needs. Pharmacists can help you choose the right medicine and explain what it is for, how to take it, and what side effects to expect. They can also help you manage your drug regimen and monitor your progress. Pharmacies can also be found in hospitals, where they often have to deal with more complex medical issues than community pharmacies. Because of this, some hospital pharmacists undergo additional training and study to become specialized in particular areas of clinical pharmacy. Moreover, there are some pharmacy apps that offer features that enhance the customer experience and boost the efficiency of operations. These features can include multi-language support, chat-bots, a system for ordering and tracking deliveries, as well as an option to book lab tests. E-pharmacies are gaining popularity, especially in India. They have an advantage over traditional medicine stores because of their ease of accessibility and feasibility of service delivery to remote locations. They are also cost-effective and provide a wide range of products and services. They can even be a lifesaver for people suffering from chronic illnesses. Despite these advantages, this industry is plagued with several drawbacks, some of which are discussed below. The first one is that the legal framework for e-pharmacies is still unclear. This can lead to frauds and other legal issues.
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Read MoreCancer is a word that strikes fear in most people’s hearts. It’s a group of diseases that starts when abnormal cells grow out of control. Cells are the tiny units that make up all living things, including your body. Healthy cells divide to create new cells as needed to keep your body working well. When a cell’s DNA becomes damaged, the damage may cause the cell to grow out of control. The damaged cells can continue to grow and multiply, forming large masses of tissue called tumors. They can also break off and travel to other parts of the body, where they start growing and causing more problems, a process called metastasis. When cancer is diagnosed, tests are done to find out how big the tumor is and whether it has spread from where it started. This information helps doctors decide the best treatment for each person. The way the cancer is treated depends on what type of cancer it is and its stage. The higher the stage, the more the cancer has grown and spread. Researchers used to think that cancer was caused by a single mutation in a gene. But now scientists know that the growth of cancer is actually a result of multiple genetic changes and heritable traits. These changes can be caused by viruses, viruses, chemicals, radiation, or exposure to certain carcinogens, such as tobacco or asbestos. The environment exerts a selection pressure on cells, which is the force that favors those with advantageous characteristics over other cells. These can include changes that promote survival or reproduction, resistance to homeostatic controls (such as limits on growth), and other properties related to the ability to invade other tissues or to evade the immune system. As a result of these selection pressures, cells with cancerous traits become more common in the population. They grow and divide faster than normal cells, and they can invade other parts of the body. They can also evade the immune system and other protective structures in the body. To help prevent cancer, eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables, and limit red meat and processed meats. Be physically active for at least 150 minutes a week. Try to avoid too much alcohol, as even a single drink a day can increase the risk for several types of cancer. And don’t smoke, as smoking is a major risk factor for many types of cancer. See your doctor if you have any symptoms. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of screening for cancer. It’s important to weigh these risks and benefits, and discuss your personal and family history with the doctor.
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Read MoreMedical is the science or practice of treating human diseases and injuries with medicines, devices, and other methods. It is a professional area, with strict rules about training and licensing. Medicine is a broad field, with many specialties. Each speciality has its own body or college, and its own entrance exam. Some of the most important specialties include internal medicine, gynecology, gastroenterology, pathology, pharmacology, radiology, and toxicology. Traditionally, the practice of medicine has been considered both an art and a science. The arts of medicine have included knowledge and skills such as the ability to stitch or use herbs, as well as the beliefs, spirituality, and rituals of the practitioners’ culture. The sciences of medicine have included such areas as anatomy (study of the structure of the human body), chemistry, and physics. Medicine as a profession has evolved since prehistoric times, with the ancients practicing both an art and science. In modern times, the majority of medical practice is based on science. In addition, there is a growing emphasis on patient experience and satisfaction, which has contributed to the development of new disciplines such as healthcare management and healthcare marketing. Physicians who specialize in internal medicine are called internists. There are many subspecialties of internal medicine, including endocrinology (the study of hormones and their effects), gastroenterology (study of the digestive tract), hematology (study of blood and its components), oncology (study of cancer), rheumatology (study of the joints), and pulmonology (study of the lungs). Pediatrics is devoted to the medical care of children. There are also numerous subspecialties of pediatrics, including child health and wellness, adolescent medicine, neonatology, and nephrology. Other clinical and non-clinical branches of medicine include cytology (study of cells), embryology, endocrinology, epidemiology, genetics, histology, and immunology. Some of these branches may also be considered part of forensic medicine. The practice of medicine is regulated by laws and regulations in most countries to ensure that physicians are properly trained and qualified. Typically, this includes a medical degree from a university, followed by a period of supervised work known as residency or internship, and passing an examination. Many medical journals have specialized “departments” that seek articles that meet specific requirements or formats, or focus on particular subjects. It is important to understand these when submitting an article to a journal, and to select the correct department for your topic. The correct choice of department can make or break the chances of your manuscript being published.
Read MoreHealth is a broad topic that covers many aspects of well-being. It encompasses both physical and mental health, and is impacted by several factors such as lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, and genetic predisposition. It is also influenced by social circumstances, such as economic stability, education, and the quality of work and community. Until recently, many people believed that health was simply the absence of disease or infirmity. However, medical advances and new definitions of health have shifted the focus to consider an individual’s ability to cope with life and its challenges. In addition, the recent pandemic illustrates that health is not just a personal matter, but one that affects the entire global population. While health can be affected by many factors, the most common determinants include economic stability, access to healthcare, educational opportunities, and social connections. These determinants are referred to as the “social determinants of health”. In addition, it is important for individuals to maintain both emotional and mental health, and to seek a balanced lifestyle in order to thrive. How can you write an article about Health? When writing an article about Health, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the audience. This can help you narrow your focus and target the most relevant information to readers. For example, most people reading health articles are looking for information or advice on managing a specific condition, rather than a general overview of how to live a healthy life. It is also important to follow the latest research in the field. This can be done through journals, news reports, social media updates, or even at scientific conferences. Keeping up to date on the latest developments in this area can help you generate ideas for future health articles. When researching a health article, it is also helpful to look at what other writers have written about the subject. This can give you an idea of the current state of knowledge about a particular topic, and it can also inspire you to think about what gaps exist in the existing body of research. While there are many different formats that a health article can take, it is important to keep the intended audience in mind at all times. This can help you determine the best way to convey information, and it can also influence the tone that is used. For example, a more serious tone may be used in scientific journal articles, while a more lighthearted or conversational tone may be used in popular magazines and online. In addition, it is important to remember that health articles are often read by people who are already struggling with a health condition, so an overly condescending or miracle cure-focused tone will be quickly dismissed. Instead, you should aim to provide honest and informative advice that can help your readers. This will make your article more likely to be successful.
Read MorePharmacy is a health care profession that includes the research, development, production, and distribution of medicines. Pharmacists are experts in the safe and effective use of drugs, including advising patients on how to take their medicine and what side effects might occur. They also help doctors and other healthcare professionals prescribe the right medication for their patients and oversee the quality of drug products. They also provide information about over-the-counter medications, herbal products and dietary supplements to consumers. Pharmacy began with the cultivation of plants and herbs for medicinal purposes, followed by the synthesis of chemical compounds as medicines. Eventually, physicians and pharmacists separated their duties. Physicians prescribed medicines and gave instructions on how to take them, while pharmacists prepared these medications for distribution and sale. Today, pharmacies are a vital link in the chain of patient care, working to ensure the accuracy and quality of prescriptions as they fill them. In addition, pharmacists educate the public on proper drug use and safety, and they contribute to health care research and innovation. As a student pharmacist, you’ll have the opportunity to learn from world-class faculty and researchers at Ohio State, a top medical school. Our students come from across the country and the globe to learn here, in the heart of a nationally-ranked health science center. You’ll have the chance to participate in innovative research and work alongside people who are discovering tomorrow’s cures. During your time at the college, you’ll earn a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) degree. You’ll spend five years in the program, completing two years of preprofessional coursework and four academic years of professional study. You’ll have the opportunity to apply your knowledge in real-world settings through experiential education at sites in your community and at OHSU hospitals and clinics. A virtual pharmacy is a service offered by some insurance companies to deliver your medications directly to your home, skipping the trip to a brick-and-mortar store. This helps to increase medication adherence, as it provides an easy and convenient way to get your prescriptions refilled before they run out. It can also help to decrease overall costs, because fewer trips to the pharmacy mean less money spent on gas and parking fees. It can even save you time, as you can skip waiting in the pharmacy’s queue. But, before you sign up for a virtual pharmacy, do your homework to make sure the pharmacy is reputable and follows state laws on dispensing medications. Checking with your insurance company or using databases such as VIPPs and LegitScript can help you find a trustworthy option. These services can also help you avoid scams and unlicensed pharmacies. These unlicensed pharmacies often sell tainted or counterfeit medications, and they can pose serious health risks to you and your family. This could include a lack of proper ingredients, incorrect dosages, or unsafe drugs that may contain dangerous additives. They could also pose a threat to your privacy.
Read MoreCancer is a disease that happens when some of your body’s cells start growing and multiplying without control. This can build up to form a mass of cells, called a tumour. Cancer can occur in any type of cell in your body. As these abnormal cells grow and spread, they can damage your healthy cells and organs. Cancer can also make your immune system weaker and cause other health problems. In the past, scientists could not explain how cancer developed or why it was so dangerous. Scientists now know that cancer occurs when normal controls in your body’s cells break down. This process is called carcinogenesis (4). Changes (mutations) in genes can cause these controls to break down. Mutations can also happen when cells are damaged, for example by radiation or chemicals. A mutation may give a cancer cell some kind of advantage that allows it to grow and divide more quickly than other cells. This gives the cancer cell more chance to pass on its genetic changes (through inheritance) to future generations of cells. Over time, a cancer cell can accumulate many more mutations than the average normal cell. As these mutations accumulate, the cancer cell becomes more aggressive and can start to invade nearby tissue. This is called clonal selection. As a result of accumulating mutations and heritable changes, some cancer cells are better adapted than others to survive, proliferate, and thrive. These cells are able to take advantage of the environment around them and compete for resources such as nutrients and space with other cancer cells, and even with normal cells in the area. Because of this, these mutations can cause cancer cells to develop resistance to certain treatments and evade the body’s natural defences. The way that cancer grows and spreads can vary between different types of cancer. However, all cancers share some characteristics. For example, they often develop in parts of the body that are exposed to the sun or where the blood circulates. They can also grow very fast and invade surrounding tissues to spread. They also tend to make enzymes that break down normal cells and tissues as they grow. As they grow, these cancer cells push on normal tissues and can break blood vessels – this is called invasive or malignant cancer. Most cancers have no single known cause. Instead, they often develop due to a complex mix of factors like getting older, smoking tobacco or not protecting your skin from the sun. This means that, for the most part, there are things that you can do to lower your risk of developing cancer, such as having screening tests and keeping a healthy weight. However, some cancers can develop in people who don’t have any known risk factors.
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