Cancer is a disease that affects the whole body, not just the organs in a specific part of it. There are more than 100 types of cancer. They can start in different types of cells and grow and spread in different ways. Each cancer has its own characteristics, which is why no two cancers are exactly the same. Cancers can grow quickly or develop slowly over time. Some cancers form tumours, or lumps, while others do not. Some cancers can be controlled with medicine, while others cannot. Some types of cancer can also spread to other parts of the body, which is called metastasis. Cancer cells develop when abnormal genes that control how cells grow and reproduce become damaged or lost. Genes are long strings of chemical messages that tell cells what to do. Most genes are in the cell nucleus, which is located inside the centre of most cells. There are many ways in which genes can be changed to produce cancer. Some genetic mutations are inherited, while other cancer-causing genes can be triggered by things that happen in the body. For example, smoking and sun exposure can cause changes to genes that increase a person’s chance of developing cancer. There are some cancers that only affect cells in a particular part of the body, such as lung cancer or breast cancer. Other cancers can spread to tissues throughout the body, including blood vessels and nerves. This can cause new cancers to form in other parts of the body or make existing cancers more serious. In most cases, cancers that are caught early (when they are small in size or when they have few cells) are curable. This is why it is important to see a doctor if you have any signs or symptoms of cancer, such as a lump or bleeding. Improvements in cancer detection, better treatments and a reduction in tobacco use have all contributed to a year-on-year decrease in the number of people dying from cancer. However, there are still some cancers that are not preventable and they can cause serious illness and death. This information is adapted from the National Cancer Institute of the United States. This article was updated in 2021. It was originally published in 2015.Cancer is a complex disease that causes abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the body. It can be found in any type of tissue and can spread to other areas of the body if it is not treated promptly. It can be hard to understand, but having accurate cancer information will help patients and their families cope with the disease. There are more than 200 different types of cancer, which vary by the kind of cell they start in, how fast they grow and what they do to the body’s other cells. Some cancers form solid tumours, while others are liquid tumours that build up in the blood and bone marrow. Cancers in the blood and bone marrow are called leukemias or lymphomas. They do not usually form solid tumours, but they can be seen on laboratory tests.

Medical is the body of knowledge and techniques for diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease. It encompasses an array of disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and biomedical engineering. Medical terms are built using a standard structure of prefixes, roots, and suffixes. Understanding how to deconstruct these word parts enables medical students to easily grasp an enormous vocabulary of terms related to the human body. A medical professional is an individual who provides healthcare services. This may include a physician, nurse, physician assistant, or chiropractor. It may also refer to a health care facility, such as a hospital, clinic, or surgical center. In addition to providing patient care, a medical professional must possess a license to practice in their field. Those interested in pursuing careers in healthcare must have an extensive understanding of medical terminology to accurately and efficiently communicate with other professionals in the field. This is true whether a student wants to be a doctor, nurse, or allied healthcare worker. The most important element of a medical term is the root. This is the most basic part of the term and conveys its primary meaning, which is often a body part or system. It is important to remember that a single medical term may contain multiple root words, which are combined with a suffix for ease of pronunciation. For example, cardio-pulmo-nary indicates a study of the heart and lungs, while gastro-entero-logy combines the study of the stomach and intestines. A medical suffix is tacked onto the end of a word and often indicates a procedure, function, test, condition, or pathology. Suffixes can also identify whether a word is a noun, adjective, or verb. A common suffix is -op, indicating a surgical procedure. Other common suffixes include -ia, indicating a disease or abnormality, and -om, indicating a treatment. In addition to medical terms, a medical vocabulary includes a vast collection of abbreviations and acronyms. These can be difficult to learn, but it is important for future allied healthcare workers to have a thorough understanding of these. The best way to learn medical terminology is through repetition. Making flashcards is one effective method, but there are also a variety of online learning sites that offer medical terminology games to help students memorize the terms they need to know. These games can be fun and engaging, which makes them ideal for medical students. Also, it is helpful for students to learn medical terminology in the context of a larger sentence or paragraph, which helps to provide context and aid in retention.

Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. It is also a positive concept, defined by some as “the ability to live life to the fullest”. A broad range of ideas about health have been described and debated over time, and there are many ways to write about it. Health articles can take the form of short news stories, in-depth feature pieces or even profiles of researchers studying new treatments. To be effective, health articles should have a clear focus and audience. It is a common mistake to assume that if an article has a strong idea, it will automatically make sense for a wide audience. However, writing for a specific group of people can help you focus your ideas and make them more relevant to the readers. To do this, consider what kind of audience you want to reach — general readers, scientists, or science nerds? Knowing your audience can also help you pick topics, as it will narrow your options for finding information that is pertinent and useful to them. In 1948, when the World Health Organization was established, its Constitution included a definition of health that stated that it is more than just the absence of disease and infirmity: “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of illness or infirmity”. This view of health has become widely accepted. Various viewpoints about health have been described by scholars and philosophers over the centuries. Some have focused on the role of health in society, while others have looked at what contributes to health and illness, or what causes diseases and their symptoms. A more recent approach, which is called salutogenesis or healthy aging, is concerned with factors that support health and wellness, rather than those that cause disease and illness. There is a growing recognition that people’s health is influenced by a complex interplay of factors — some of which are individual choices, such as whether or not to engage in risky behaviours, and others are societal, such as how easily individuals can access medical services or affordable housing. Moreover, some of these factors are beyond the control of individuals and groups, such as genetics and environmental conditions. A third perspective on health is that of the lay person. This view is characterized by three qualities: wholeness, pragmatism and individualism. Wholeness relates to the perception of health as a holistic phenomenon, and the idea that it must be viewed in terms of what is realistically achievable for a given situation. This might mean that a person who lives at sea level may experience problems if they move to a high altitude, because the environment there has a different concentration of oxygen and the body has to adapt to this change. Pragmatism means that the definition of health is relative to what a person values in life. Finally, individualism relates to the fact that everyone’s values are unique.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure safe, effective and affordable use. It is considered a miscellaneous science as it links health sciences with pharmaceutical sciences and natural sciences. It is a specialized branch of the medical sciences and requires extensive training to obtain a degree in Pharmacy (Pharm.D). Pharmacists provide a variety of services to patients, providers, and health care systems. In addition to providing medication consultations and advice, pharmacists may also educate patients on disease management and healthy lifestyle choices. They work with healthcare professionals, including physicians and nurses, to help optimize treatment outcomes. Pharmacists can be found in hospitals, community pharmacies, long-term care facilities, and even home care agencies. A large part of the pharmacist’s job is to verify prescriptions. They do this by checking that the patient is receiving the correct prescription and the appropriate dose. They also make sure that the new medication is compatible with other medications the patient is taking. They may also inform doctors and patients about alternative medications or supplements that can treat a particular illness. In order to do their jobs well, pharmacists must have a wide range of knowledge. This includes subject-specific knowledge, pedagogical knowledge on how to teach the subject, and a vast array of tacit knowledge about the profession and its underlying practices. This broad knowledge base is used to improve the quality of patient care and enhance the health of the public. In addition to their clinical duties, many pharmacists participate in research, clinical trials and advocacy efforts on behalf of their patients. As the population ages, so too does the need for geriatric and consultant pharmacists. Elderly patients typically have more chronic diseases and complex drug regimens. The pharmacists can play a role in ensuring the patient is getting the most benefit from their medications, which is particularly important for drugs with significant side effects or interactions. Pharmacy is an exciting career with great opportunities for advancement. The first step toward becoming a pharmacist is earning a bachelor’s degree. Upon completion, the next steps include passing two exams and obtaining a license to practice. The North American Pharmacy Licensure Examination and Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam are required for licensure. If you’re interested in starting a career in pharmacy, we encourage you to talk to one of our admissions counselors. They can help you get started on the path to a fulfilling and rewarding career. Contact us today to learn more!

Cancer occurs when cells grow and divide out of control, forming tumours (cancerous growths) that can invade surrounding tissue or organs. It can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymphatic system. Cancer is one of the world’s leading causes of death, but experts are working hard to find better treatments and ways to prevent it. The good news is that survival rates are improving year on year, thanks to improved detection and quality treatment. All cancers start when normal cells become abnormal and begin to grow and divide without control or order. These abnormal cells may form a tumour, or a group of cancerous (malignant) cells that grow and spread into other tissues and organs, destroying them along the way. Different types of cancer begin in different cells, and they affect different parts of the body. Some are more common than others, but all cancers cause a wide range of symptoms and can be difficult to treat. To develop cancer, changes happen in a cell’s genes. Genes are long strings of code that contain instructions for how a cell should grow and divide. The genetic changes that lead to cancer are called mutations. A mutation can happen for many reasons, including ageing, lifestyle choices and exposure to certain chemicals. A mutated gene can also be passed on from parents to their children, which is called inherited cancer. Mutations can also be caused by a virus, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes 90 percent of cervical cancers. When a tumour is growing, it needs to get oxygen and nutrients from the blood. This is why cancerous cells often grow into nearby tissue and make enzymes that break down the healthy tissue around them. Cancers can also spread to other parts of the body by forming new blood vessels that bring them nourishment. This is called metastasis. The main type of treatment is chemotherapy, which involves using drugs to destroy cancer cells and stop them from spreading. It can be given before surgery to shrink a tumour and make it easier to remove, or after to help reduce the risk of cancer returning. It can be given as a tablet, liquid or through a tube in the vein (intravenous, or IV). Other types of treatment include radiation therapy and targeted therapy. With targeted therapy, doctors identify specific molecules on the surface of a cancer cell that help it grow and survive, then design a drug to attack these molecules. This type of treatment can be given as a tablet, liquid, or through a tube in the vein (intravenous, referred to as IV). It is less likely to harm healthy cells than standard chemotherapy. It is usually combined with other cancer treatments such as radiotherapy or surgery.

Medical is the study of how the human body works and its diseases. It is a broad field of study which has many sub-fields. Some of these include anatomy, which is the study of all the parts of the body; physiology, which is the study of bodily processes; and pathology, which is the study of disease. There is also clinical medicine, which is the practice of treating patients; and public health, which studies threats to community health based on population analysis. There are also many specific fields within medical science such as endocrinology (study of hormones), epidemiology, genetics (study of genes and their impact on health), microbiology (study of organisms too small to see with the naked eye), pharmacology (study of pharmaceutical drugs) and neuroscience (study of the brain and nervous system). Many of these different areas of study intersect in clinical medicine. The process of medical decision-making starts with the history, symptoms, physical findings, laboratory or imaging results and specialist consultations. The synthesis of this information is then used to come up with a list of possible diagnoses, which may require further tests or treatment. Most medical doctors specialise, and there is a strong incentive to become expert in a particular area of medicine. This is in order to advance scientific knowledge, develop a better understanding of how the body works and to treat patients effectively. Specialisation is achieved through academic study, practical experience in hospitals and passing a medical examination. Each medical specialty has its own professional body or college, which grants a doctor a license to practise. The writing of a medical article is not for the faint hearted, but it can be rewarding. Writing articles about medical topics requires an in-depth understanding of the subject matter, and it is important to be interesting as well as accurate. However, how interesting an article should be is often dependent on the audience and the publisher’s objectives – some readers like lists or charts, others want thought-provoking, inspiring or reassuring content, while some are just looking for information they can use. Almost all medical articles follow a similar structure and format. This includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, research results, discussions and conclusions. Medical writing is governed by strict ethical and regulatory rules, and writers are discouraged from using unsubstantiated claims or statements of opinion. It is also important to remember that medical writing should not be construed as giving advice on the management of any medical or health condition. For this, you should always consult with a licensed physician. These guidelines are intended to help improve the quality of medical writing. They are not intended to replace professional editing or proofreading services.

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of all human beings, without distinction of any kind. It is essential to the full development of the individual and the harmonious co-existence of peoples in a changing total environment. Health is dependent on the availability of adequate medical and other facilities and the free provision of these to all by their governments. Many factors influence health, including genetics, environment, lifestyle choices and life events. Health can be maintained or improved by engaging in health-promoting activities, such as regular exercise and proper diet, as well as avoiding unhealthful behaviors, such as smoking and excessive stress. Moreover, the health of a population can be affected by environmental and other factors, such as access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. A person’s definition of health may be as broad as “being comfortable and able to cope with life” or as narrow as “having a normal blood pressure and not having a fever.” The variety in definitions is partly due to the fact that, like other concepts, the notion of health makes sense mostly within its home context. A concept’s home context is the social, cultural or ideological framework in which a phenomenon is elaborated and understood. Generally, there are three qualities that characterize the lay perspective on health: wholeness, pragmatism and individualism. Wholeness refers to the view that health is a holistic phenomenon that is interwoven with all aspects of a person’s life, such as work and family functions. This perspective also emphasizes the importance of being able to choose the way one lives and the quality of relationships. Pragmatism, on the other hand, refers to the idea that health is a relative concept. A person can be healthy at one point in time, but not so at another. For example, if a person develops an allergy to a certain substance at one stage in his or her life, this substance can trigger an allergic reaction at a later stage in the same person. Finally, individualism refers to the belief that everyone has a different opinion about what constitutes health. This perspective is reflected in the different definitions of health that exist in today’s society, and it is also a feature of the digital environment. This is because different perspectives can co-exist at the same time, without any hierarchy or precedence. This is often called syncreticity and is a characteristic of the digital environment. The variety of approaches to health in the digital environment is an important aspect for analyzing health policy and practice. The Zagreb Andrija Stampar School of Public Health is proud to be part of this process. The school is committed to maintaining its position on the cutting edge of health understanding in present-day society. Its mission is to advance knowledge, understanding and education in public health.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, and reviewing medications to ensure safe, effective, and affordable use by patients. It also includes educating patients and healthcare professionals about the proper use of medicines and other health care services. It is a multidisciplinary scientific field that links medical sciences, pharmaceutical sciences, and natural sciences. The role of the pharmacist has changed dramatically since the development of new and better medicines. The scope for extemporaneous compounding has diminished, but the pharmacist must still apply his or her knowledge to formulating, storing, and dispensing drugs. Pharmacists are qualified to answer most medical or drug-related questions you may have. They can explain what each medication is for, how to take it, and what side effects you might expect. They can also help you understand how to best manage your condition or illness and provide advice on leading a healthy lifestyle. Your pharmacist can offer you advice and information about disease prevention, diet, exercise, smoking cessation and diabetes management. They can also advise you on whether any nutritional supplements you are taking or planning to take might interfere with your prescribed medicine. In addition to verifying prescriptions, pharmacies can also help you get the flu vaccine and other vaccinations. They can also give you advice and guidance about leading a healthier life, such as how to stop smoking, lose weight and reduce your alcohol consumption. Some pharmacies specialise in certain conditions, such as cardiovascular disease or men’s health. Others have a more general focus, such as children’s health, or older people’s health. Many also stock a wide range of over-the-counter medicines, such as painkillers and antibiotics. There are pharmacies that operate on a virtual basis, offering customers the convenience of ordering and receiving their medication without having to leave home. This business model is particularly attractive for those with limited mobility or who find it difficult to travel. It is also an excellent option for those who have forgotten to order their refills or who are unable to get out due to weather. Online pharmacies typically process orders within a few days and deliver them to your door. They are reliable and safe, although it is important to check that they adhere to your country’s laws on how long they must keep your records for. They must also comply with your State’s requirements on continuing education and recertification. There are a number of pharmacies online, but it is essential that you choose one that is legitimate and offers customer support in case of any problems. It is best to choose an online pharmacy that can be contacted by telephone and has dedicated customer service representatives who are available twenty-four hours a day. In addition, it is a good idea to read reviews before choosing an online pharmacy to make sure that they have the highest quality products and services. These companies should also have a secure website that is easy to navigate.

Cancer Information This article describes what cancer is, how it develops and how different types of cancer are treated. It also discusses how a healthy lifestyle can help prevent some types of cancer. Cancer is a disease that occurs when cells in the body start to grow and divide out of control. These abnormal cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Cancer can be cured or controlled with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Some types of cancer can be prevented by eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding tobacco and limiting the amount of alcohol consumed. Cancer occurs when genes in cells change or break down. Genes are the blueprints that control how the body grows and repairs itself. When genes change, they stop the cell from dividing normally or from repairing itself when damaged. Over time, cancer cells can build up and form a mass of tissue called a tumor. The cancer may be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors do not spread. But malignant cancers can spread to other parts of the body. Once they get there, they can spread into other organs and tissues by pushing on the normal cells around them. This process is called local invasion or metastasis. The cancer can also spread to other parts of the body when it breaks away from the original mass and travels through the blood or lymphatic system to another area. Whenever possible, doctors try to cure cancer. If a cancer cannot be cured, doctors treat it to keep it from growing or spreading and to relieve symptoms. A cancer treatment plan includes primary and adjuvant treatments. Adjuvant treatments are used after the primary treatment to kill any remaining cancer cells and reduce the chances that the cancer will recur. Examples of adjuvant therapies include radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Surgery removes a tumor or part of a tumor. It is the most common form of cancer treatment. Doctors can remove cancerous and noncancerous tissue with a scalpel or other sharp tool, or with a laser or another type of device. Surgery can be done in the hospital or at home. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. These medicines can be given by vein (IV), in a pill or liquid that you swallow or as a cream that you put on the skin. Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or to shrink them. It can be delivered from a machine outside the body (external beam radiation) or from a small machine placed inside your body, such as in your chest or abdomen (brachytherapy). Hormone therapy blocks the production of certain hormones that can help cancer cells grow. It is often used to treat breast and prostate cancer. Bone marrow transplant replaces bone marrow with healthy stem cells to replace those that have been destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy or radiation.

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their disease or injury and promoting their health. The term medicine includes a variety of healing interventions, including prescription drugs and surgery, as well as a patient-centered approach to care that encompasses psychosocial aspects. It is considered a regulated profession in many countries. Medical doctors must undergo extensive education, training and professional development to become licensed or registered as physicians. This is intended to protect patients from charlatans that offer unproven treatments, as well as to encourage physicians to use evidence-based medicine and follow the Hippocratic Oath, which states: “First, do no harm”. Modern health care relies on teams of highly educated professionals besides medical practitioners. These include nurses, emergency medical technicians and paramedics, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, respiratory therapists, dietitians, radiographers, physiologists and bioengineers. Medical students and residents spend a significant amount of time learning the specialized vocabulary used in these fields. This vocabulary is often based on Latin and ancient Greek roots and suffixes, and consists of prefixes that indicate location, direction, type or quality, and root words with meanings related to anatomy or disease processes. The practice of medicine is governed by a code of ethics, which typically includes the principles of beneficence (do no harm), justice and non-maleficence. Doctors who violate these codes may be subject to civil, criminal or professional sanctions. A record of a person’s health, including information about their family’s history of diseases, illnesses and surgeries. Also called a medical chart or personal health record. Health coverage provided by an insurance company in exchange for a premium, or by an employer or union as part of a benefits package. Also called a health insurance policy or group plan. Medications and surgical procedures are important tools in the diagnosis, treatment and cure of many diseases and injuries. Medications are used to treat symptoms and prevent or cure illness, and surgical procedures are carried out to repair damaged tissues or organs and to remove extra tissue, such as for biopsy. Medical research is an ever-changing field, driven by technology and discoveries in molecular biology, genomics and evolution. These advances are enabling new and better medicines to be developed, and they are changing the way that doctors practise. For example, some of the most recent advances in medical technology have been directed towards developing drugs that are specific to physiological targets and that are designed for compatibility with human metabolism in order to reduce side-effects. These drugs are now being combined with genetic and genomic information to develop personalised medicine for individual patients. These developments are also influencing the way that doctors practise and make decisions. In addition, behavioural sciences such as psychology and sociology are contributing to the understanding of how patients respond to treatment and what factors influence their decisions and behaviours. This is helping to improve patient outcomes and satisfaction, and increase the effectiveness of healthcare delivery overall.